Contemporary English Version Bible Vs. Human Sexuality

Different Views â€Å"Everything is pure for someone whose heart is pure. But nothing is pure for an unbeliever with a dirty mind. That person s mind and conscience are destroyed. Titus 1:5 (Contemporary English Version Bible) Since ancient times, the understanding the concept of sexuality has had its ups and downs since sexuality has been perceived by different philosophies be these in the family the moral, the professional and even in the political (as in this where the laws are created, even when are contrary what it is establish God.) These same views have been seeing sexuality as something ugly, dirty or degrading and in many instances allowing many sexual issues as legal as the pornography, and prostitution. However there must be a foundation that does not question what is sexuality, but this foundation can be the basis for what is built on it the respect of human sexuality and have the necessary answers to many of the questions that exist today regarding of what is and authentic human sexuality. This is where the present generation build the foundation for future generations about human sexuality, if in this case it is a sin, or what God created to be a way of reproduction and then for the purpose of those who are married to use sexuality for their own pleasurable enjoyment. However, there is currently considerable confusion in regard to what is sin and what is not sin, and with regard that sexuality that is taken it as sin they are right since when the sexualShow MoreRelatedExistentialism vs Essentialism23287 Words   |  94 Pages------------------------------------------------- Essentialism vs. Existentialism Essentialism: A belief that things have a set of characteristics that make them what they are, amp; that the task of science and philosophy is their discovery amp; expression; the doctrine that essence is prior to existence While, Existentialism:A philosophical theory or approach, that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free amp; responsibleRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 PagesSloane manuscript 3679) passed down from Simon Forman (d. 1611) to Richard Napier (d. 1634) to Elias Ashmole (d. 1692) to William Lilly (d. 1681). E.M. Butler wrongly associates it with Gio. Peccatrix, (no doubt a pseudonym) who edited an Italian version of the Key of Solomon (British Library, Sloane manuscript 1307). Misled by some comments by Mathers and others, Dr. Butler incorrectly concluded that the Picatrix was â€Å"an Italian edition of the Clavicle, strongly impregnated with black elements† (RitualRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesCentury †¢ Jose C. Moya and Adam McKeown 9 †¢ 2 Twentieth-Century Urbanization: In Search of an Urban Paradigm for an Urban World †¢ Howard Spodek 53 3 Women in the Twentieth-Century World Bonnie G. Smith 83 4 The Gendering of Human Rights in the International Systems of Law in the Twentieth Century †¢ Jean H. Quataert 116 5 The Impact of the Two World Wars in a Century of Violence †¢ John H. Morrow Jr. 161 6 Locating the United States in Twentieth-Century World History Read MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagessold to students). (3) No Derivative Works You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. An earlier version of the book was published by Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont, California USA in 1993 with ISBN number 0-534-17688-7. When Wadsworth decided no longer to print the book, they returned their publishing rights to the original author, Bradley Dowden. The current version has been significantly revised. If you would like to suggest changes to the text, the author would appreciate

Human Experimentation Is Only Moral With Informed Consent

Introduction The argument I will be making in this essay is that human experimentation is only moral with informed consent. I believe that it is essential to gain informed consent before starting experimentation as to prevent any uninformed and unnecessary harm coming to the subject. In arguing for informed consent, will do three things; first I will explain what informed consent means. Second, I will consider an argument that sometimes informed consent is not required as it is sometimes difficult to acquire and offer my objection to it. Third, and finally, I will offer my own argument that human experimentation with informed consent is always necessary. Informed Consent For the definition of informed consent, I will be using the†¦show more content†¦I believe that a person who is persuaded into an experiment is at an increased risk for being susceptible to harm. This issue has come up in history, such as in Word War II with the Nazis which resulted in particular guidelines to follow for experiments, knows as the Nuremberg Codes. Examples of these guidelines includes: â€Å"The voluntary consent of the human subject†¦the experiment should be conducted as to avoid all unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury†¦during the course of the experiment, the human subject should be at liberty to bring the experiment to an end†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (The Nuremberg Trials). The requirements of informed consent are similar to these guidelines, and therefore should be considered necessary to all experiments in which human subjects are involved. When Informed Consent is Difficult to Obtain One argument against the requirement for informed consent is that at times, it can be difficult or impossible to obtain. An example of a case where informed consent might be difficult to obtain is in experiments where it is crucial for the subjects to not know they’re being experimented on. One case similar to this is the Milgram experiment. The Milgram was an experiment conducted in the 1960’s in which theyShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical Ethics Of The Tuskegee Syphilis Study1154 Words   |  5 PagesOver the years human experiments has developed the knowledge of human physiology and psychology. However, the use of human’s subject in research have to become a controversial issue in our society. It has become a debatable questions whether it’s ethical or not. There has to be a limit to where certain experiments can be implemented on humans such as trials for drugs and social experiments. There are moral principles t hat guides our research into deciding what is â€Å"right or wrong†. This principlesRead MoreEthical Implications Of The Clara Case835 Words   |  4 Pagesimplications of making a moral judgment on past actions by researchers regarding human experimentation are discussed. The central ethical conflicts of the Clara’s case are several infringements committed regarding human rights in human experimentation. According to the American Psychological Association Code of Ethics [APA] (2010) experiments such as Clara would have violated several sections from standard 8: 8.01 (obtaining institutional approval), 8.02 (participants’ informed consent), 8.04 (client/patientRead MoreThe Immortal Life Of Henrietta Lacks Essay1258 Words   |  6 Pagesour society, are the moral principles that govern our behavior, dictating what is right from wrong. The specifics of ethics changes as values in our society change and evolve. This occurs in Rebecca Skloots book, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. One major reoccurring theme in the book is the lack of informed consent and autonomy. Fortunately, now there are safeguards which protect human rights in regard to health care and research. The Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of BiomedicalRead MoreThe Invention Of The Polio Vaccine920 Words   |  4 Pageshealed, or touched by the cells of a woman whose name we never knew. Her name was Henrietta Lacks. She was an African-American woman who died of an aggressive form of cervical cancer at Johns Hopkins in 1951. Her cells were taken without her consent nor the consent of her family members after her death and used for research from the effects of cosmetics to the formation of the polio vaccine. The cells, tagged as â€Å"HeLa† by the scientist who received them at Johns Hopkins where Henrietta had come for treatmentRead MoreIslamic and Catholic Views on Genetic Engineering1265 Words   |  6 Pagesunnecessary and unethical. It is an embellishment to human vanity and additionally, insults human integrity when the offspring is affected by the technology. (What is the Catholic view on genetic engineering? - Mary Meets Dolly. 12/ 05/ 2014.) The Catholic Church In 1983, Pope John Paul II mentioned in an address â€Å"genetic enhancement was permissible- indeed, laudable- even from a Catholic point of view, as long as it met certain basic moral rules. Among those rules: that these therapies be availableRead MoreEssay on Human Guinea Pigs: Prisoners2045 Words   |  9 Pagesof the social pyramid was always those seen as lacking morals. Whether immoral qualities were synonymous with skin color or occupation, a supposed lack of moral integrity allowed for those higher in stature to impose at times grueling oppression upon the degraded. As society evolved many advances pushed for equality among the masses so that each man or woman was allowed the freedom of bias or judgment. However, no matter how advanced the human race, there is still a hierarchy and at the lowest ofRead More Medical Research and Dependent People Essay3346 Words   |  14 Pages How may children and other dependent individuals are subjects in research projects to which they cannot consent and from which they cannot benefit? This topic was much discussed in the United States about twenty-five years ago, but has recently reemerged in the discussion of the European Convention on bioethics and through current discussion in the medical literature of the kinds of consent and experiments appropriate in the Third World. I summarize the U.S. discussion and solution, present theRead MoreWho Owns Your Cells? Essay1648 Words   |  7 Pagesuntil Rebecca Skloot uncovered it.1 Information about Henrietta Lacks uncovers a history of consent not being asked for, and certainly not being given, but because of the cells, medical discoveries were made without her family’s knowledge.1 It brings to light the idea that while cells are a part of a person’s body, once they are out of the human body there is no more ownership. Without informed consent though, is it still owned by the person whose cells they are? In the end, for Henrietta LacksRead MoreHuman Experimentation1684 Words   |  7 PagesTOPIC #4: Human Experimentation PRO: Prisoners should be allowed to participate in human research CON: Prisoners should not be allowed to participate in human research History and definitions Dating back to 1965, seventy-five prisoners at Holmesburg prison in Pennsylvania were purposely exposed to a poisonous agent. This study was conducted to determine the effects of dioxin, a potentially harmful substance. Dermatologist Dr. Albert Kligman, exposed prisoners to a dosage 468 times greaterRead More10 Principles Regaarding Ethical Clinic and Set of Guidelines on Clinical Research1071 Words   |  5 PagesNuremberg Code is a set of 10 sophisticate principles regarding ethical clinical research on human being (Grodin, 1994). It is mainly for protection of subjects’ human right (Shuster, 1997), such as compulsory of informed consent and the equal authority of subjects as the physician-researcher to end the experiment. 1.2 Helsinki Declaration (1964) Helsinki Declaration is a set of guidelines on clinical research for physician as their responsibility toward protection of their research subjects

Court Systems Free Essays

The article looks at a number of mental health services provided by a number of mental health courts in various counties in different states. For example, the specific mental health services offered by the Marion County in Indiana, Broward County in Florida, Alaska’s Anchorage and King County of Washington. The article then discusses the various issues that would ensure a successful implementation of mental health courts. We will write a custom essay sample on Court Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now Such issues as due process, resource control and availability of the services will have to be addressed first. These authors are right with their insightful argument on what would work best for different groups of populations. In their analysis, they contend that some models of mental health courts would only be appropriate for small cities, suburban or rural populations. However, as they advocate for mental health services appropriate for the mentally ill offenders, they do not take into account the attainment of justice and do not talk about the role of the victim(s) in the rehabilitation process. From their point of view, it is clear that the authors were clearly biased and argued their case from the mentally ill offenders’ position. Sex Offender Commitment Law Rued Unconstitutional (Daly, R. March 2009). The author reports on the federal appellate court’s decision to overturn the ruling that requires sexual offenders to be subjected to prolonged civil commitment beyond their jail terms. The author then presents the opinion of the APA committee on the issue. The committee concurred with the court’s decision terming the subjection of sexual offenders to civil commitment as lacking in treatment but rather turns psychiatrists into jailers. This report is quite comprehensive because the author does not only present the history of this law but also presents the professional’s opinion and solution to this controversial issue in the criminal justice system. The author seeks neutrality in his reporting and only presents events and opinions of others. However, he fails to provide accounts and cases where the law has been successful in reducing recidivism in sex offenders. Readers of this report may get the impression that the law is totally wrong and incarcerating to the prisoners and therefore do not serve to rehabilitate and reintegrate offenders into the community. Reference Daly, R. (March, 2009). Sex-Offender Commitment Law Ruled Unconstitutional, Psychiatric News, Vol. 44(5):11 Watson, A. Hanrahan, P. Luchins, D. Lurigio, A. (April, 2001). Mental Health Courts and the Complex Issue of Mentally Ill Offenders, Psychiatric Services, Vol. 52:477-481. How to cite Court Systems, Papers Court Systems Free Essays The modern dual system of courts incorporates both federal and state or local courts. This system is the product of many years of gradual development. Outside this formally established structure, however, personal relationships between key court participants can guide court proceedings and procedures. We will write a custom essay sample on Court Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper will examine the history of the criminal courts, the dual system of the United States and modify the difference between the historical development and the dual court system of the United States.The origins of the contemporary criminal courts can be traced back through their colonial predecessors the Anglo-Saxon and English court systems. Contributions from outside this lineage were minor; although Louisiana’s legal system reflects a strong French influence, owing to the substantial early French settlement there. The earliest records of legal procedures for criminal matters in Anglo-Saxon England are found in proclamations (know as dooms) issued by King Aethelbert of Kent in 601-604C. E. that prohibited theft and provided for a variety of punishments for â€Å"violation of the king’s interests).Anglo-Saxon courts, in an attempt to move away from blood feuds (the long-running cycle of violent retaliation, typically between families or clans), used a variety of oaths and ordeals to determine an individual’s truth or guilt. The compurgatory oath required that the accused swear an oath of innocence: If the defendant’s testimony was supported by statements of a sufficient number of others (known as oath helpers, who were often relatives of the accused), the defendant would be acquitted and released.However, if the testimony was not convincing, the accused would face either trial by ordeal or trial by battle. The absence of burns or scars from an ordeal or simple survival in battle was indication of innocence. English common law and the English court system were the primary role models for the beginnings of the American court system. Colonial courts performed a variety of functions, ranging from legislative and executive activities, such as the determination of tax assessments, to more traditional activities associated with the judicial branch.These courts were relatively simple, with most of the judicial personnel being local influential citizens who were appointed to their positions by the colonial governor. Justice of the Peace courts were established at the local county level; they were typically administered by a person with some degree of status or recognition within the community rather than someone with formal legal training. When the American Revolution took place, the royal colonial courts were closed down and then reestablished as state courts by the new state assemblies.Although the basic structure of the courts remained essentially the same, the new state courts were move dec entralized than the colonial courts, and judges were either elected or appointed by the state legislature or governor. With the growing emphasis on popular democracy and responsiveness to the local community by the middle of the nineteenth century each new state entering the Union required the popular election of all or most of it judges, although only white male were allowed to vote. Specialized local courts and family courts were eventually created in larger cities to handle the growing number of cases as the U. S. population expanded. Most state courts were assigned general trial jurisdiction over both criminal and civil matters, and each state created at least one court appeals. As the states developed their individual constitutions, outlining the structure and the process of governmental operations, most also included in their constitutions a section protecting many rights of citizens accused of crimes that had been stipulated in the earlier colonial laws.The Constitution provided for the establishment of a federal judicial system, even as the states developed their own court structures, thereby creating a dual system of courts. Today, there are fifty independent state court systems as well separate court systems in the District of Columbia and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and territorial courts in the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. For the most part, these systems have very similar structures and procedures.Each provides for general trial courts, appellate courts, and some sort of Supreme Court. Each state court system administers and interprets its own state’s laws, whereas the federal system deals with federal laws and violations. When a case that has been tried in a state court is appealed, it is appealed through the state appeals court system. In contrast cases that were originally tried in the federal courts are appealed through the federal appellate courts.In issues of the constitutionality of a particular law or procedure, state courts must consider both the state constitution and the federal constitution, whereas federal courts are generally limited to issues stemming from the federal constitution. It should also be noted that decisions made by a U. S. Court of Appeals are binding only on its specific jurisdiction, not on the entire country. The criminal court system in the United States today is largely a product of the Anglo-Saxon and English common law courts and the rights of citizen enumerated in the Magna Carta.Many of the procedural safeguards of the English courts were incorporated into the early colonial legal codes. After the American Revolution, each of the new states created its own independent court system. Congress established the basic structure of the federal court system in the Judiciary Act of 1789. Although there are many variations in the state court structures, all of them make similar distinctions between the courts according to their basic jurisdictionReferences Regoli, R. Hewitt, J. (2008) Exploring Criminal Justice. Jones and Bartlett Publisher, Inc. Sudbury, MA http://www. ovw. usdoj. gov/safehaven_desc. htm How to cite Court Systems, Papers Court Systems Free Essays When the founding fathers of the United States began to conceive the notion of how the nation’s legal system should work, they were determined we should have a country that operated differently and more effectively than the one left behind in the days of British control. They decided that states should have the power to make and govern their own laws and also the ability to enforce those laws. This did not eliminate the need for federal court systems, however, and so the dual court system was born. We will write a custom essay sample on Court Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now The dual court system is the formal name for the way our country’s legal system works. The dual courts it refers to are the federal and state court systems. The state court system is constructed of local and state courts that are under the purview of state governments. The federal court system was established by the legislative body under the influence of the Constitution of the United States (Schmalleger, 2009). The state legislatures are free to create and enforce their own laws, but the federal government is there to oversee and intervene when necessary to ensure that there are no conflicts within the state systems or when the necessity exists because of multiple state involvements. In the state court system, each individual state has a separate system of courts that operated under the Constitution and laws of that particular state. Historically, the state courts are modeled after the British judicial system that was first brought to the United States when it was composed of English colonies. During that time, each of the original American colony had its own court system for resolving both civil and criminal disputes. As the colonies grew in size, it became necessary for counties to have their own court systems as well, which allowed the general court to focus its attention on appeals. The general court did reserve jurisdiction on certain cases, but typically only simple civil trials were heard there. All of the American colonies had a fully functional court system in place with these sort of arrangements in place by 1776 (Schmalleger, 2009). The turn of the century and early 1900s brought a measurable increase in civil litigation and criminal arrests, which forced the government to find new ways to keep up with the heavier load of reported cases (Schmalleger, 2009). Their answer was to establish multiple new courts at different levels of jurisdiction; including trial, appellate, and supreme court levels. They assigned particular duties and responsibilities to each level of court, from regulating ordinances and city laws to handling minor disputes like property and divorce. One especially important model that was adapted for use in state courts was the New York State Field Code of 1848. This code clarified jurisdictional claims of different issues and gave specifics in the matter of court procedures and regulations. It also established a set of simplified rules for pleadings and how they were to be brought before the court in different situations. It was named the â€Å"Field Code† because it was proposed by a man named David Dudley Field (Field Code of New York, 2011). The court system we have today is much more advanced, thanks mostly to new changes that have been introduced by the American Bar Association and the American Judicature Society (Schmalleger, 2009). Most of the changes center around reducing redundancies in the court system. This makes the courts much more capable of handling a bigger load of cases because they are not wasting time on cases that are also being handled at another level. The three tier system of the courts is still used, but the court system is much more effective and centralized thanks to the changes by these organizations. Like the state court system, the federal court system also has its foundations in the United States Constitution and in colonial law. Specifically, Article III Section 2 of the United States Constitution gives the federal courts jurisdiction over federal laws and treaties (Schmalleger, 2009). In general, this means that federal courts have purview over cases that cross between states or have clear federal jurisdiction such as terrorism cases or cyber crime. In the federal court system, there is only one of the three tiers that is actually mandated by United States Constitution. This is the Supreme Court of the United States. It was formed in 1869 and has always had one Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices. As the name suggests, the Supreme Court is the final and â€Å"supreme† word on any case that it hears. The Supreme court rules on appeals and also has jurisdiction over certain proprietary cases like those involving high ranking diplomats of both the United States and other foreign nations (Supreme Court of The United States, 2011). The other two tiers of the federal court system are the federal district courts and the court of appeals. The kind of cases handled by the federal district courts are cases relating to alleged Constitutional violations, maritime cases, cases that directly involve a state, cases involving the federal government, and cases that include foreign governments or citizens. The appeals court, on the other hand, addresses exactly what it sounds like. It has direct jurisdiction in cases that involve a challenge to an order of a federal regulatory agency, such as the Securities and Exchange Commission or Department of Homeland Security. There are also a few exceptions to federal jurisdiction, such as the military justice system, which is special and applies only to members of the United States Military and is carried out in the form of non judicial punishments and court martial proceedings (Supreme Court of The United States, 2011) Since the concept first formed in England and was carried over and adapted by our nation’s founding fathers, the dual court system as continued to become more effective and make American Justice some of the most effective and civilized in the world. From an outside perspective, our court system may seem complex and confusing, but the different levels of government all work effectively together because of the decades of improvements and legislation changes on both a state and federal level. Once you understand the details of the dual court system, it is actually much simpler than it seems. How to cite Court Systems, Essay examples

Barriers to Listening free essay sample

Barriers to listening A pointed out earlier, listening is not easy and there are a number of obstacles that stand in the way of effective listening, both within outside the workplace. These barriers may be categorized as follows. 1. Physiological Barriers: some people may have genuine hearing problems or deficiencies that prevent them from listening properly. Once detected, date and generally be treated. Some people may have difficulties in processing information, or memory related problem which make them poor listeners. Another physiological barrier is rapid though. Listeners have the ability to process information at the rate of approximately 500 words per minute, where as speaker talk at around 120 words per minute. Since listeners are left with a lot of spare time, there attention may not be focused on words the speaker is saying, but may under elsewhere. 2. Physical Barriers: These referred to distraction in the averment such as the sound of an air conditioner , cigarette smoke, or an overheated room, which interfere with the listening process. We will write a custom essay sample on Barriers to Listening or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They could also be in the form of information overload. For example, if you are in meeting with your manager and the phone rings and your mobile beeps at the same time to let u know that you have the message. It is very hard to listen carefully to what is being said. 3. Attitudinal Barriers :- pre occupation which personal or work related problems can make it difficult to focus one’s attention completely on what speaker is saying, even what is being said is of crime importance. Another common attitudinal barrier is egocentrism, or the belief that you are more knowledgeable when the speaker and that you have nothing new to have to learn from his ideas. People with this kind of close minded attitude may very poor listeners. 4. Wrong Assumptions :- The success of communication depend on the both the sender and receiver, as we have seen in an earlier unit. It is wrong to assume that communication is the sole responsibility of the sender or the speaker and that listeners have no role to play. Such an assumption can be big barrier to listening. For example, a brilliant speech or presentation, however well delivered, is wasted if the receiver is not listening at the other end. Listeners have as much responsibility as speakers to make the communication successful, by paying attention seeking clarifications and giving feedback. Another wrong assumption is to think that listening is a passive activity, in which a listener merely the thoughts of the speaker. On the contrary, real listening or active listening is hard work – it requires speaking sometimes to ask question, agree or disagree with the speaker, give feedback etc. . Cultural Barriers :- accents can be barriers to listening, since they interfere with the ability to understand the meaning of words that are pronounced differently. The problem of different accents arises not only between cultures, but also within a culture. For example, in a country like india where there is enormous cultural diversity, accents may differ even between regions states. Another type o f cultural barrier is doddering cultural values. The importance attached to listening and speaking differs in westen and oriental cultures. Generally, orientals regeard listening and silence as almost a virtue, whereas Attach greater importance to speaking. Therefore this would interfere with the listening process, when two people from these two different cultures communicate. 6. Gender Barriers :- communication research has shown that gender can be barrier to listening. Studies have revealed that men and women listen very differently and for different purposes. Women are more likely to listen for the emotion behind a speaker’s words, when men listen more for the facts and the content. Example :- a salespersons giving a demonstration of a new type of office equipment may be asked by two colleagues if the equipment will work without ant problem and respond by saying â€Å"Sure. † A male user may take his at face value, where as the female user may detect some hesitation in his voice. This is because the male user listen for the content of the message, where as the female user listen for the tone of the message. 7. Lack of Training :- listening is not an inborn skill. People are not born good listeners. They have to develop the art of listening through practice and training. Lack of training in listing skills is an important barrier to listing, in the Indian Context. 8 Bad Listening Habits :- Most people are very average listeners who have developed poor listening habits that are hard to said and that act as barriers to listening. For example, some people have the habits of â€Å"faking† attention, or trying to look like a listeners, in order to impress the speaker and to assure him that they are paying attention. Others may tend to listen to each and every fact and, as a result, mis out on the main point.